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If the pressure in the upstream side of a membrane is very much higher compared to that in the permeate side, then the concentration of the feed is __________ if the selectivity is 8 and the permeate composition is 0.35 mole fraction.
In most of the shell and tube heat exchanger, the tube pitch is generally
After 30 min, the constant rate volume collected is ¼ compared to the final total volume of filtrate ending at constant pressure using a plate and frame filter press. If a duplicate pump is installed in parallel with the present pump, determine the new filtration time. Neglect the resistance of the filter medium.
An irreversible process
McCabe-Thiele method, to determine the theoretical number of stages in binary distillation, may be applied with acceptable result if
In batch open steam distillation, the solution to be open steam distilled should be
A vapor whose partial pressure is greater than its equilibrium vapor pressure at a given temperature is called
In gas absorption, packings are used
Wet solid is to be dried from 40% to 10% in 5 hours under constant drying conditions. The critical moisture content is 20% and the equilibrium moisture content is 7%. All moisture contents are on a dry basis. The time needed to dry from 15% to 5% free moisture content under the same drying conditions is
The osmotic pressure of a solution containing a 0.20 g mol NaCl/1000 g water at 25ºC is
The rate of evaporation at a given operating temperature in an evaporator is more when
The Brinkman Number is often used in the analysis of organic liquid flows. This dimensionless number is proportional to viscosity, µ. Derive the Brinkman number if it depends on the viscosity, velocity of flow, V, thermal conductivity, k, and fluid temperature, T.
Two stirred tanks are available, one 100 m3 in volume, the other 30 m3 in volume. It is suggested that these tanks be used as a two- stage CSTR in series for carrying out a liquid phase reaction A + B → P.
Two reactants will be present in the feed stream in equimolal proportions, the concentration of each being 1.5 kmol/m3 after mixing. The total volumetric flow rate of the feed stream will be 0.3 x 10 -3 m3/s. The reaction is irreversible and is of first order with respect to each of the reactants A & B, second order overall, with a rate constant 1.8 x 10 -4 m3/ (kmol)(s) . If the feed is introduced to the 30 m3 tank & the final product leaves the 100 m3 tank. Determine the overall per cent conversion.
One hundred kg mol/hr of 40 mol of benzene-toluene mixture is fractionated in a plate column at 1 atm. The overhead product must contain 95 mol % benzene and the bottoms must contain 95% by mole of toluene. The feed is saturated liquid. Determine the minimum reflux ratio.
Device in which a current of air separates particles with different sedimentation velocities
Wet solid is to be dried from 40% to 10% moisture in 5 hours under CDC. The equilibrium moisture content is 7% and the critical moisture content is 20%. All moisture contents are on dry basis. Calculate the time to dry from 15% to 5% free moisture under the same drying conditions.
A 20% aqueous solution of Na2CO3 and 25% aqueous solution of Ca(OH)2 were reacted to produce caustic soda solution. The precipitate which formed was analyzed to contain 5% H2O, 1% NaOH, 94% CaCO3. The concentration of NaOH solution produced is ___.
The material passing one screening surface and retained on a subsequent surface is called
The pipe size of a pneumatic conveyor to convey plastic pellets with bulk density of 30 lb/ft3 using a blower with a capacity of 600 ft3/min. is
A solution is prepared at 20ºC containing 7.8%-wt benzene in a non-volatile oil (MW = 922). Vapor pressure of benzene at 20ºC is 75 mmHg. What is the equilibrium pressure of benzene vapor (in mmHg) above the solution.
It is essentially the ratio of buoyancy forces to viscous forces.
Which among the gases listed is not transparent to gas radiation?
It has been determined that the equivalent NTU and HTU of a packed absorption tower are 20 and 0.92 ft, respectively. If the same separation can be done in a 12-theoretical plate absorption tower, then the HETP is ________ ft.
The equivalent length of a fitting is
Nicotine is to be extracted from water using kerosene. If 100 lb of a 2% nicotine solution is extracted once with 200 lb of kerosene, what percent of the nicotine is extracted? (Equilibrium data: Y (lb nicotine/lb kerosene) = 0.90 x (nicotine/lb water)
A layer of pulverized cork 15.2 cm thick is used as a layer of thermal insulation in a flat wall. The temperature of the cold side of the cork is 4.4ºC, and that of the warm side is 82.2ºC. The thermal conductivity of the cork at 0ºC is 0.036 W/m-K and at 93.3ºC is 0.055 W/m-K. The area of the wall is 2.32 m2. What is the rate of heat flow through the wall?
In a plate and frame filter press, the rate filtration is directly proportional to the
Oil flowing at 5.04 kg/s is cooled in a 1-2 shell and tube heat exchanger from 366.5 K to 344.3 K by 2.02 kg/s of water entering the shell at 283.2 K. Assume Uo = 340 W/(m2-K) and the specific heat of the oil is 2.09 J/g-K. Estimate the total outside surface area of the tubes required in m2.
In a membrane separation process, an asymmetric membrane refers to
The total number of pounds (or kilograms) of water vaporized in an evaporator per pound (or kilogram) of original steam supplied is called the
The transport analogy among mass, heat and momentum transfers is complete when
An infinite solid in unsteady state heat conduction is one where
Determine the net heat transfer by radiation between two flat parallel squares A and B 2m x 2m, one exactly above the other, 2m apart. A is at 300oC with emissivity of 0.9 and B is at 100°C with emissivity of 0.25.
Calculate the vapor pressure of 2-propanol at 60ºC in mm Hg using the Antoine equation.
A model turbine, diameter 380 mm, develops 9 kW at a speed of 1500 rpm under a head of 7.6 m. A geometrically similar turbine 1.9 m in diameter will operate at the same efficiency under a 14.9-m head. What power can be expected?
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20°C and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60°C. If a saturated solution of NaHCO3 at 60°C is cooled to 20°C, what percentage of the dissolved salt crystallizes out?
While starting a centrifugal pump, its delivery valve should be kept ____________.
For sizing fine materials, the most suitable equipment is a
The product of the two dimensionless groups NRe and NPr is commonly called
Determine the heating area required for the production of 10,000 lb/hr of 50 percent NaOH solution from a 10 percent NaOH feed entering at 100ºF. Evaporation is to be carried out in a single-body standard evaporator for which an overall coefficient of 500 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(ºF) is expected. Steam is available saturated at 50 psig, and the evaporator can be operated at 10-psig vacuum relative to a barometric pressure of 14.7 psia.
Aniline is to be cooled from 200 to 150°F in a double-pipe heat exchanger having a total outside area of 70 ft2. For cooling, a stream of toluene amounting to 8,600 lb/hr at a temperature of 100°F is available. The exchanger consists of 1 ¼ inch SCH 40 pipe in 2 inch SCH 40 pipe. The aniline flow rate is 10,000 lb/hr. If flow is countercurrent, what is the outlet temperature of the toluene?
It is a liquid or gas, used to help remove the permeate.
How much CaCl2 ” 6H2O must be dissolved in 100 kg of water at 20ºC to form a saturated solution? The solubility of CaCl2 at 20ºC is 6.7 gmol anhydrous salt (CaCl2) per kg of water.
A spherical carbon steel storage tank for ammonia has an inside diameter of 30 ft. All joints are butt welded with backing strip. If the tank is to be used at a working pressure of 50 psig and a temperature of 80 deg F, estimate the necessary wall thickness. Assume no corrosion is necessary, efficiency is 80% and the allowable tensile strength is 13,700 psi.
The diameter of Raschig rings used in a packed tower in industry is normally around ______.
Molecular diffusion is caused by ___________.
The measure of the relative effectiveness of momentum and energy transport by diffusion in the velocity and thermal boundary layers is given by the
One mole of hydrogen is burned with 20% excess air. If 25% of the hydrogen was burned, the number of moles of nitrogen fed to the furnace is
When the molal latent heat of vaporization of the binary system is very much dependent on concentration, the most appropriate method to use to determine the number of ideal stages is
Operating pressure for solvent extraction operation
Which of the following is false regarding fugacity?
Why does Gibbs energy serve as a generating function?
Determine the number of degrees of freedom of partially decomposing CaCO3 to CaO and CO2 into an evacuated space.
The enthalpy of a binary liquid system of species 1 and 2 at fixed T and P is represented by the equation: H = 400x1 + 600x2 + x1x2(40x1 + 20x2) in J/mol. Determine the partial enthalpies at infinite dilution Ĥ1∞ and Ĥ2∞ in J/mol.
Determine the fugacity coefficients for nitrogen (1) and methane (2) in a binary mixture at 200 K and 30 bar if the mixture contains 40 mol-% N2. Experimental virial-coefficient data in cm3/mol are B11 = -35.2, B22 = -105.0, and B12 = -59.8.
Biochemical compounds are either hydrophilic, hydrophobic or ampiphatic. Classify the following compounds; glucose, stearic acid, soaps, fatty acids.
Taurine, a beta amino acid belongs to the acidic group of:
If one gallon of blood was added in three gallons of water, and one ounce of that dilution was added to 9 ounces of water, what is the final dilution when 7 mL of that dilution is added to 563 mL of water?
Inhibitors that do not bind to free enzyme but affect enzyme reactions by binding to the enzyme-substrate complex at locations away from the active site.
An enzyme hydrolyzed a substrate concentration of 0.03 mmol/L, the initial velocity was 1.5 x 10-3 mmol/L min-1 and the maximum velocity was 4.5 x 10-3 mmol/ L min-1. Calculate the Michaelis constant.
Six-inch schedule 80 steel pipes are to be used to transport high pressure steam. The pipe joints are to be butt-welded. The safe working fiber stress for butt welded pipes is 550 kg/cm2. The maximum steam pressure, in kg/cm2, the pipes can handle is
This is non-reclosing device used for 15 psig or higher.
Which alloy is best suited for seawater applications above 75 °C?
What is a safe distance between adjacent cooling towers?
Which of the following tanks should be used for a liquid with a vapor pressure of 10 kPa?
What makes the integral method different from the differential method of analyzing kinetic data?
A liquid feed of pure A with initial concentration of 2.5 M is treated in two CSTR’s of 4.5-L volume each in series and reacts with a rate of rA = 3.45CA2 in M/min. What feed rate in L/min will give a final outlet concentration of CA = 0.2 M?
A certain reaction has an activation energy of 12.8 kcal/mol. The rate constant is 0.69 mol/cm3-atm-s at 128.66 °F. What is the value of the specific rate constant at 100 °C in mol/cm3-atm-s?
Which of the following parameters is the ratio of mixing time to the reaction time?
The multiphase reactor that keeps solid catalysts in suspension mechanically with a clear liquid overflow in isothermal operation is
If the to be evaporated tends to severely scale, the type of evaporator to be recommended with small capacity needed is
What is the maximum allowable vapor velocity of a short-tube vertical evaporator maintained at 85 °C with dilute aqueous solution?
If the feed is above boiling point and has too high temperature rise through the heating element, what losses can be encountered in operating a forced-circulation evaporator?
Which of the following is a common assumption regarding the design of multi-effect evaporators?
Estimate the friction pressure drop in a long-tube vertical evaporator if the entering liquid has a pressure drop of 0.1 psi and the exiting vapor has a quality of 90%. The equipment evaporates water at atmospheric pressure with negligible boiling point rise.